Statistics of Disorders

© Paul Cooijmans

Introduction

For many years, candidates have been asked to report whether any psychiatric disorders occur in them. Below are the available statistics of that field, when "yes" is coded as 1 and "no" is coded as 0. In addition, the value of 2 has been assigned to candidates in whom serious disordered behaviour has been directly observed by the test scorer.

Scores on Disorders (own) as of 26 March 2025

Contents type: Personal information, observation, or non-cognitive personality test score in numeric form.   

ScoreFrequency
0857
1318
221

Notice that the male and female means are about equal.

Scores by males

n = 1034

ScoreFrequency
0746
1270
218

Scores by females

n = 157

ScoreFrequency
0110
144
23

Correlation of Disorders (own) with other mental ability tests

Test name n rp value
Magma Test (Edward Vanhove)40.870.13
California Test of Mental Maturity70.800.05
Stanford-Binet60.750.09
Graduate Record Examination (prior to October 2001)120.720.02
American College Testing program (prior to October 1989)70.670.10
Cattell Verbal (also known as Cattell B)120.640.03
G-test (Nikos Lygeros)90.610.08
New York High I.Q. Society tests50.500.32
Tests by Marc-André Nydegger (aggregate)60.480.28
Tickle Tests (tickle.com)50.420.40
Graduate Management Admission Test40.420.46
Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery - Armed Forces Qualification Test50.410.42
De Roskam50.400.42
Tests by Nicolas Elenas (aggregate)160.380.13
Female Intelligence Test60.380.40
Mega Test (Ronald K. Hoeflin)140.310.26
Cooijmans On-Line Test160.300.25
Titan Test (Ronald K. Hoeflin)230.290.18
Laaglandse Aanlegtest - Herziening 201690.280.42
Chimera High Ability Riddle Test (Bill Bultas)60.280.54
Qoymans Multiple-Choice #3 (batch scored by Jonathan Wai)120.260.40
Evens100.250.44
Scholastic Aptitude Test (old)190.240.30
Encephalist - R (Xavier Jouve)60.240.60
Qoymans Automatic Test #2130.230.42
Cattell Culture Fair400.210.18
Epiq Tests (aggregate)540.200.14
Cattell Culture Fair Intelligence Test 20-R40.190.74
F.N.A. (Xavier Jouve)40.180.76
Tests by James Dorsey (aggregate)100.170.60
The Gate70.170.66
A-22 - Early experimental association test in Netherlandic, 27 items (maximum score 31)40.170.76
Strict Logic Spatial Exam 48 (Jonathan Wai)340.160.36
Bonsai Test170.160.52
Raven's Advanced Progressive Matrices (I.Q.)420.150.32
Ultra Test (Ronald K. Hoeflin)110.150.64
Drenth number series70.100.81
Association subtest of Long Test For Genius470.080.62
Test of Shock and Awe190.070.76
Qoymans Automatic Test #3100.040.90
Strict Logic Sequences Exam II (Jonathan Wai)230.040.84
Omega Contemplative Items Pool (Tommy Smith)70.040.92
A Relaxing Test (David Miller)190.030.90
Dicing with death220.030.90
Raven's Advanced Progressive Matrices (raw)260.020.92
Qoymans Multiple-Choice #3 (batch scored by Paul Cooijmans)740.020.90
Analogies of Long Test For Genius410.010.92
Reason - Revision 20081190.010.87
Cooijmans Intelligence Test - Form 1180.010.94
Logima Strictica 36 (Robert Lato)540.010.94
Tests by Xavier Jouve, other than those listed separately (aggregate)190.001.00
Genius Association Test1240.001.00
The Smell Test130.001.00
Sequentia Numerica Form I (Alexander Herkner)13-0.001.00
Odds21-0.001.00
Labyrinthine LIMIT33-0.010.94
Association subtest of Long Test For Genius (Netherlandic)7-0.020.97
Test For Genius - Revision 200478-0.020.87
Strict Logic Sequences Exam I (Jonathan Wai)79-0.020.84
International High IQ Society tests (aggregate)56-0.030.84
Reason Behind Multiple-Choice - Revision 2008119-0.030.74
Verbal section of Test For Genius - Revision 2004110-0.040.71
The Final Test69-0.040.76
The Bonsai Test - Revision 201679-0.040.74
Cooijmans Intelligence Test 581-0.040.71
Tests by Nikolaos Soulios (aggregate)30-0.040.81
Tests by Paul Laurent Miranda (aggregate)18-0.040.84
Qoymans Multiple-Choice #4148-0.050.57
Three Sonnets (Heinrich Siemens)5-0.050.92
Culture Fair Numerical Spatial Examination - Final version (Etienne Forsström)58-0.050.71
Cartoons of Shock49-0.050.71
Associative LIMIT86-0.060.57
Sigma Test (Melão Hindemburg)26-0.060.76
Reason Behind Multiple-Choice31-0.060.74
The Piper's Test27-0.060.74
Spatial section of Test For Genius - Revision 2004126-0.070.42
Numerical section of Test For Genius - Revision 2010137-0.070.38
Combined Numerical and Spatial sections of Test For Genius - Revision 201056-0.090.50
Tests by Jason Betts (aggregate)28-0.090.64
Test For Genius - Revision 201036-0.100.57
Short Test For Genius13-0.100.74
Only idiots17-0.110.66
Reflections In Peroxide63-0.110.38
Scholastic Aptitude Test (new)13-0.110.68
Qoymans Multiple-Choice #5123-0.110.20
Spatial section of The Marathon Test73-0.120.32
Reason38-0.120.46
Long Test For Genius35-0.120.48
Problems In Gentle Slopes of the third degree70-0.120.30
Non-Verbal Cognitive Performance Examination (Xavier Jouve)41-0.130.40
Hoeflin Power Test (Ronald K. Hoeflin)8-0.140.71
Cooijmans Intelligence Test - Form 262-0.150.26
Test of the Beheaded Man64-0.150.25
The Test To End All Tests67-0.150.24
Cooijmans Intelligence Test - Form 4120-0.150.10
The Nemesis Test72-0.160.18
Logima Strictica 24 (Robert Lato)19-0.160.50
Cooijmans Intelligence Test - Form 3208-0.160.02
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scales for Children12-0.160.60
Lieshout International Mesospheric Intelligence Test121-0.170.06
Isis Test93-0.170.10
Problems In Gentle Slopes of the first degree26-0.170.38
Test For Genius - Revision 201665-0.180.15
Tests by Ivan Ivec (aggregate)37-0.180.28
Numbers54-0.180.18
A Paranoiac's Torture: Intelligence Test Utilizing Diabolic Exactitude52-0.190.18
Qoymans Multiple-Choice #217-0.190.46
Gliaweb Riddled Intelligence Test - Revision 2011212-0.190.006
Test of Inductive Reasoning / J.C.T.I. (Xavier Jouve)28-0.200.30
Combined Numerical and Spatial sections of Test For Genius - Revision 201688-0.200.07
Qoymans Automatic Test #114-0.200.48
Problems In Gentle Slopes of the second degree60-0.200.12
Space, Time, and Hyperspace - Revision 201690-0.200.06
Numerical and spatial sections of The Marathon Test72-0.200.09
Psychometric Qrosswords27-0.210.28
Gliaweb Riddled Intelligence Test (old version)43-0.210.16
Verbal section of Test For Genius - Revision 201664-0.220.08
Space, Time, and Hyperspace66-0.220.08
The Final Test - Revision 201320-0.220.34
The Hammer Of Test-Hungry - Revision 201318-0.220.37
Daedalus Test43-0.220.15
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scales54-0.220.10
Narcissus' last stand37-0.240.16
Analogies subtest of Long Test For Genius (Netherlandic)7-0.250.54
The Sargasso Test81-0.250.03
Problems In Gentle Slopes of the fourth degree4-0.260.64
Tests by Mislav Predavec (aggregate)17-0.260.30
916 Test (Laurent Dubois)25-0.270.19
Verbal section of The Marathon Test49-0.270.06
Analogies #19-0.270.44
Cito-toets13-0.290.30
Miscellaneous tests252-0.290.000003
Numerical Insight Test13-0.300.30
W-87 (International Society for Philosophical Enquiry)9-0.300.38
Spatial Insight Test25-0.310.13
The Alchemist Test (Anas El Husseini)44-0.320.04
Numerical section of The Marathon Test75-0.320.006
Tests by Greg Grove (aggregate)41-0.320.04
Letters21-0.330.14
European I.Q. Test9-0.330.36
Qoymans Multiple-Choice #118-0.340.16
The Marathon Test44-0.350.02
De Laatste Test5-0.350.48
De Laatste Test - Herziening 20197-0.370.37
Divine Psychometry (Matthew Scillitani)14-0.370.18
The LAW - Letters And Words19-0.380.10
Long Test For Genius (Netherlandic)6-0.390.38
Random Feickery (Brandon Feick)12-0.420.16
Words22-0.430.05
Cooijmans On-Line Test - Two-barrelled version39-0.440.007
Tests by Brendan Harris (aggregate)6-0.450.32
Psychometrically Activated Grids Acerbate Neuroticism18-0.470.05
Gliaweb Raadselachtig Analogieproefwerk12-0.470.12
The Blue Test (Andres Gomez Emilsson)11-0.490.12
Raven's Standard Progressive Matrices (I.Q.)5-0.500.32
Miller Analogies Test (before 2001; raw)7-0.540.18
Gliaweb Recycled Intelligence Test8-0.560.14
American College Testing program (from October 1989 onward)11-0.560.08
Advanced Intelligence Test (Randy Myers)15-0.590.03
Tests by Theodosis Prousalis (aggregate)14-0.590.03
Queendom tests11-0.600.06
Association and Analogies (German)5-0.610.24
Concep-T (Laurent Dubois)10-0.670.05
Tests by Iakovos Koukas (aggregate)10-0.780.02
Low Countries Aptitude Test7-0.810.05
Tests by Arne Andre Gangvik (aggregate)5-0.990.05

Weighted mean of correlations: -0.115 (N = 6266)

Estimated g factor loading: -0.34

Ranking in above table is based on the unrounded correlations. All available data is present in this table, no tests are left out except for those with less than 4 score pairs. All known pairs are used, including possible floor/ceiling scores or outliers.

The negative correlation of disorders with I.Q. test scores and g is a long-standing observation. Given this long history and huge amount of data, it seems safe to conclude now that -.34 is roughly the real value of the g loading of having a psychiatric disorder, at least on high-range tests. Over the full range of intelligence, g loadings are generally larger than in restricted ranges due to the statistical phenomenon of attenuation through restriction of range, so that in society at large it must be feared that those with psychiatric disorders have an even greater disadvantage on g-loaded tasks than this -.34 value suggests.

Correlation of Disorders (own) with other tests - for females

Test name n rp value
Cattell Culture Fair60.740.10
Cooijmans Intelligence Test - Form 240.670.25
Gliaweb Riddled Intelligence Test - Revision 2011170.440.08
Numerical section of Test For Genius - Revision 201040.380.50
Qoymans Multiple-Choice #550.180.71
Verbal section of Test For Genius - Revision 200440.150.78
Genius Association Test6-0.070.87
Qoymans Multiple-Choice #415-0.080.76
Reason Behind Multiple-Choice - Revision 20085-0.190.71
Miscellaneous tests29-0.310.10
Space, Time, and Hyperspace4-0.320.60
Cooijmans Intelligence Test - Form 314-0.380.17
Cooijmans Intelligence Test - Form 47-0.420.30
Reason - Revision 20085-0.430.38
Gliaweb Riddled Intelligence Test (old version)4-0.580.32
Cartoons of Shock5-0.580.25
Associative LIMIT4-0.630.27
Lieshout International Mesospheric Intelligence Test4-0.640.27
The Final Test5-0.760.12
Test of the Beheaded Man4-0.800.17
Culture Fair Numerical Spatial Examination - Final version (Etienne Forsström)4-0.930.11

Weighted mean of correlations: -0.172 (N = 155)

Estimated g factor loading among females: -0.42

Ranking in above table is based on the unrounded correlations. All available data is present in this table, no tests are left out except for those with less than 4 score pairs. All known pairs are used, including possible floor/ceiling scores or outliers.

While the correlation within females is larger (negative) than the overall correlation, this is barely significant, so it should not be concluded that this is a real sex difference.

Estimated loadings of Disorders (own) on particular item types

These are estimated g factor loadings, but against homogeneous tests (containing only particular item types) as opposed to non-compound heterogeneous tests. Although tending to surprise the lay person, it is not uncommon for tests to have high loadings on item types they do not actually contain themselves. Such loadings reflect the empirical fact that most tests for mental abilities measure primarily g, regardless of their contents; that the major part of test score variance is caused by g, and only a minor part by factors germane to particular item types. It is of key importance to understand that this is a fact of nature, a natural phenomenon, and not something that was built into the tests by the test constructors.

Typeng loading of Disorders (own) on that type
Verbal1139-0.31
Numerical396-0.34
Spatial627-0.36
Logical244-0.23
Heterogeneous2041-0.35

N = 4447

Compound tests have been left out of this table to avoid overlap.

Balanced g loading = -0.32

National means for Disorders (own)

Country n mean score
Unknown120.8
Thailand30.7
Australia220.5
United_Kingdom580.4
Argentina70.4
New_Zealand70.4
Finland330.4
Portugal50.4
Singapore50.4
Switzerland80.4
Canada360.4
United_States3300.3
Austria150.3
Brazil120.3
Cuba30.3
Cyprus30.3
Malaysia30.3
Norway160.3
Netherlands990.3
Japan140.3
Korea_South210.3
Poland150.3
Greece270.3
Belgium240.3
Czech_Republic40.3
Mexico80.3
Sweden650.2
France210.2
Germany800.2
China260.2
Denmark130.2
South_Africa90.2
India280.2
Italy240.2
Turkey150.2
Philippines60.2
Russia60.2
Israel70.1
Bulgaria80.1
Spain260.1
Bosnia_and_Herzegovina30.0
Chile30.0
Hong_Kong60.0
Iran50.0
Nigeria50.0
Romania80.0
Serbia40.0
Slovenia40.0
Yugoslavia50.0

Total number of countries: 73

For reasons of privacy, only countries with 3 or more candidates are included in this table. Ranking is based on the unrounded means, and then alphabetic.

Correlation of Disorders (own) with personal details

Personalia n rp value
Gifted Adult's Inventory of Aspergerisms1250.430.000002
Disorders (parents and siblings)11470.40≈ 0
Observed associative horizon480.250.08
PSIA Neurotic - Revision 20071030.190.05
PSIA Aspergoid - Revision 20071030.120.22
PSIA Cruel - Revision 20071030.100.34
Year of birth11820.090.002
PSIA Antisocial - Revision 20071030.080.40
PSIA Rare - Revision 20071030.060.52
Father's educational level10850.060.04
Cooijmans Inventory of Neo-Marxist Attitudes620.060.64
Mother's educational level10960.060.06
PSIA Orderly - Revision 20071030.050.62
PSIA System factor - Revision 2007103-0.010.90
PSIA Just - Revision 2007103-0.020.87
Sex1193-0.020.57
PSIA Introverted - Revision 2007103-0.020.84
PSIA Deviance factor - Revision 2007103-0.020.81
PSIA Cold - Revision 2007103-0.040.68
PSIA True - Revision 2007103-0.040.66
PSIA Extreme - Revision 2007103-0.070.50
PSIA Ethics factor - Revision 2007103-0.070.46
PSIA Rational - Revision 2007103-0.070.46
Educational level1154-0.150.0000002
Observed behaviour114-0.160.09

The Gifted Adult's Inventory of Aspergerisms and Disorders in parents and siblings are the best predictors of disorders by far. Educational level is a significant negative correlate.

Correlation with personal details of Disorders (own) - within females

Personalia n rp value
Gifted Adult's Inventory of Aspergerisms140.800.004
Observed associative horizon80.770.04
Disorders (parents and siblings)1470.370.000008
PSIA Aspergoid - Revision 2007100.360.28
PSIA Neurotic - Revision 2007100.350.30
Father's educational level1360.150.09
Mother's educational level1350.110.19
PSIA Just - Revision 2007100.090.78
PSIA Rare - Revision 2007100.080.81
PSIA Introverted - Revision 2007100.060.84
PSIA Orderly - Revision 2007100.060.87
Observed behaviour110.040.90
Year of birth1520.030.68
PSIA System factor - Revision 2007100.020.94
PSIA Deviance factor - Revision 200710-0.040.92
PSIA Cold - Revision 200710-0.040.90
Educational level149-0.060.42
PSIA Cruel - Revision 200710-0.080.78
PSIA Antisocial - Revision 200710-0.200.54
PSIA Extreme - Revision 200710-0.210.52
PSIA Rational - Revision 200710-0.230.48
PSIA True - Revision 200710-0.460.17
PSIA Ethics factor - Revision 200710-0.470.16

Correlation with personal details of Disorders (own) - within males

Personalia n rp value
Disorders (parents and siblings)9980.41≈ 0
Gifted Adult's Inventory of Aspergerisms1080.400.00004
PSIA Neurotic - Revision 2007930.180.08
Observed associative horizon400.170.28
PSIA Antisocial - Revision 2007930.110.30
PSIA Cruel - Revision 2007930.100.34
Year of birth10260.100.001
PSIA Aspergoid - Revision 2007930.100.36
PSIA Rare - Revision 2007930.060.57
PSIA Orderly - Revision 2007930.050.64
Father's educational level9470.050.12
Mother's educational level9590.050.14
Cooijmans Inventory of Neo-Marxist Attitudes610.050.71
PSIA True - Revision 2007930.001.00
PSIA Deviance factor - Revision 200793-0.020.84
PSIA System factor - Revision 200793-0.020.81
PSIA Introverted - Revision 200793-0.030.78
PSIA Just - Revision 200793-0.030.76
PSIA Ethics factor - Revision 200793-0.040.68
PSIA Cold - Revision 200793-0.050.66
PSIA Extreme - Revision 200793-0.050.60
PSIA Rational - Revision 200793-0.070.48
Educational level1003-0.170.0000001
Observed behaviour103-0.180.07